A 54-year-old Caucasian smoker with a history of type II diabetes mellitus controlled with diet has a blood pressure of 146/94 mmHg with optimal non-pharmacological management. Which of the following would be the most appropriate management?
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Question 2 of 65
When educating a patient with PUD about lifestyle changes, which habit is most important to avoid?
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Question 3 of 65
In H&E stained tissue sections, the mucus-containing secretory vesicles in mucous cells typically appear:
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Question 4 of 65
The crown of a tooth is covered by
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Question 5 of 65
A patient is scheduled for a gastroscopy. Which pre-procedure instruction should the nurse provide?
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Question 6 of 65
Select the organ, indicated in the diagram, that is most closely associated with the statement. This organ stores bile.
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Question 7 of 65
A 50-year-old patient is admitted with acute exacerbation of COPD. He is started on salbutamol, ipratropium nebulisers and oral steroids. The following day the nurses call the junior doctor as the patient is complaining of severe pain in the left eye. The doctor examines finds that his eye is red and a diagnosis of acute glaucoma is made. Which of the following statements is true?
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Question 8 of 65
Permanent folds in the wall of the intestine, containing a core of submucosa, are called:
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Question 9 of 65
For an organ embedded within the body wall, the tissue which forms the deepest layer (i.e., farthest from the inner core or lumen of the organ) is called the:
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Question 10 of 65
A 70-year old ex-smoker stopped 4 years ago and started smoking since he was 16 years old. On average he smoked 30 cigarettes a day. What is his pack year history?
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Question 11 of 65
Which of the following structures secures the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?
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Question 12 of 65
A 56-year-old woman presents to discuss the results of her recent upper endoscopy. She was having some mild abdominal pain, so she underwent the procedure, which revealed an ulcer in the antrum of the stomach. Biopsy of the lesion revealed the presence of H. pylori. All of the following statements regarding her condition are correct except
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Question 13 of 65
Which of the following is not a component of pancreatic juice?
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Question 14 of 65
What is the approximate length of the entire GI tract from mouth to anus?
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Question 15 of 65
In humans, structures that release digestive secretions directly into the small intestine include both the
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Question 16 of 65
A 28-year-old woman at 34 weeks of gestation presents with elevated liver enzymes and pruritus. Labs reveal total bilirubin to be 4.2 mg/dL, AST 480 U/L, ALT 640 U/L, and alkaline phosphatase 232 U/L. Viral hepatitis serologies and ANA are negative. On physical examination, she is jaundiced, but has a normal blood pressure, no edema, and a soft abdomen. The fetus is in no distress. Which of the following is true?
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Question 17 of 65
Which of the following statements regarding atrial fibrillation is correct?
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Question 18 of 65
Which of the following organs is supported by a layer of adventitia rather than serosa?
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Question 19 of 65
Lymphocytes proliferate in relatively permanent sites in connective tissue which contain germinal centers surrounded by dense concentrations of incoming and outgoing cells. These sites are called:
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Question 20 of 65
The principal secretory product for cells of Brunner's (duodenal) glands is:
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Question 21 of 65
What two structures produce chemicals that digest proteins?
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Question 22 of 65
During the postoperative period following a partial gastrectomy for a bleeding ulcer, the patient develops a sudden onset of restlessness, sweating, and hypotension. What should the nurse do first?
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Question 23 of 65
Intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn are located:
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Question 24 of 65
The vessel which brings venous blood from the intestine and spleen into the liver, with branches in each portal area, is the:
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Question 25 of 65
Which of the following statements regarding pancreatic cancer is correct?
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Question 26 of 65
Choose the best description of the fundic stomach.
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Question 27 of 65
A patient has developed a duodenal ulcer. As the nurse, you know that which of the following plays a role in peptic ulcer formation. Select ONE that does not apply:
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Question 28 of 65
Which of the following regions of the GI tract is characterized by short tubular invaginations (crypts or pits) which are not lined by dividing, differentiating cells?
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Question 29 of 65
What enzyme functions optimally at a pH of 7?
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Question 30 of 65
Blood glucose levels are lowered by insulin because it stimulates
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Question 31 of 65
Which surgical procedure may be indicated for severe, recurrent PUD that does not respond to medical treatment?
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Question 32 of 65
Ducts may be distinguished from secretory tissue because cells lining ducts:
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Question 33 of 65
During an assessment, a patient with a history of PUD complains of increased abdominal pain, vomiting, and inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement. The nurse should suspect:
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Question 34 of 65
____ produces no secretion that helps the digestion of the lipids.
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Question 35 of 65
A patient with a history of PUD reports severe epigastric pain that worsens with eating. The nurse should suspect which type of ulcer?
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Question 36 of 65
Emulsification of fat is the function of
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Question 37 of 65
Hepatocytes are characterized by:
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Question 38 of 65
A gastric ulcer is most often localised on which part of the stomach?
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Question 39 of 65
The epithelium lining the entire GI tract is:
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Question 40 of 65
The pancreas is an organ connected to the digestive tract of humans by a duct (tube) through which digestive enzymes flow. These enzymes are important to the digestive system because they
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Question 41 of 65
Which of the following findings in a patient with PUD may indicate a perforation?
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Question 42 of 65
Which food would provide the most roughage for the body?
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Question 43 of 65
You are providing discharge teaching to a patient taking Sucralfate (Carafate). Which statement by the patient demonstrates they understand how to take this medication?
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Question 44 of 65
Salmonella bacteria can cause humans to have stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. The effect these bacteria have on humans indicates that Salmonella bacteria are
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Question 45 of 65
In addition to water, the principal components of urine are
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Question 46 of 65
Between liver sinusoidal endothelium and the basal surfaces of hepatocytes is the:
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Question 47 of 65
A patient with a history of PUD is concerned about preventing recurrence. What lifestyle modification should the nurse emphasize?
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Question 48 of 65
Which of the following is not a specific element of Hepatitis C?
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Question 49 of 65
Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?
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Question 50 of 65
A 32-year-old woman with a one-year history of ulcerative colitis involving her whole colon presents with a one-week history of severe abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea about 10 times per day. Her heart rate is $95 / \mathrm{min}$, blood pressure 100/60, temperature $37.4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Abdominal exam reveals mild abdominal distention with bowel sounds. Stool culture is negative for infection. The patient is admitted and treated with intravenous corticosteroids and oral mesalamine. Her abdominal x-ray reveals a cecal diameter of $10 \mathrm{~cm}$. Seventy-two hours after admission her symptoms have minimally improved; she is having about eight episodes of bloody diarrhea, but still has constant abdominal pain, and her examination and abdominal x-ray findings are unchanged. Which of the following options would be inappropriate?
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Question 51 of 65
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
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Question 52 of 65
Most lymphocytes in the GI tract (and elsewhere) can be recognized by their:
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Question 53 of 65
Which of the following cell types is characterized by extensive basal rough endoplasmic reticulum, a supranuclear Golgi apparatus and apical zymogen vesicles?
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Question 54 of 65
Which of these cells secrete hormones?
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Question 55 of 65
A patient with PUD presents with symptoms of severe anemia. The nurse suspects a complication related to:
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Question 56 of 65
Which of the following results from the increased secretions by the gastric glands?
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Question 57 of 65
How does digested food finally reach the bloodstream?
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Question 58 of 65
Delaying defecation involves:
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Question 59 of 65
A 65-year-old man reports that he frequently regurgitates food several hours after eating, and experiences chest pain and dysphagia to both liquids and solids. This has been associated with weight loss. He has no other medical problems. A CXR shows an air/fluid level in a dilated esophagus and an absent gastric air bubble. No mass in the distal esophagus or proximal stomach is identified at the time of endoscopy. The best therapy for this patient is
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Question 60 of 65
Which of the following client statements indicates a need for further teaching about peptic ulcer disease management?
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Question 61 of 65
The large area of the stomach between the fundus and the J-curve, where most digestion occurs is the
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Question 62 of 65
A 50-year-old man with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis presents with new-onset ascites, fever, chills, and abdominal pain. His ascitic fluid is sampled and reveals a white blood cell count of 750/mL with $50 \%$ neutrophils. Gram stain of the fluid shows white blood cells but no organisms. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this patient's care?
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Question 63 of 65
Which statement best describes what happens as environmental temperature increases from 20°C to 30°C?
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Question 64 of 65
The fusion of the hepatic duct with the cystic duct forms the
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Question 65 of 65
What type of cell releases insulin?
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