Respiratory drugs pharmacology Quizlet

Option C: Morphine is contraindicated in bronchial asthma due to its potential to cause respiratory depression, which can exacerbate bronchospasm and lead to severe complications in asthmatic patients. Opioids like morphine can also increase mucus production and airway resistance, further complicating asthma management.

Option A: Nedocromil is a mast cell stabilizer used to prevent asthma symptoms and is not contraindicated in bronchial asthma; it helps reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

Option B: Zafirlukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist that is beneficial in managing asthma and is not contraindicated; it works by reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction in the airways.

Option D: Salbutamol is a bronchodilator commonly used in asthma treatment to relieve acute bronchospasm and is not contraindicated; it acts quickly to open the airways.

Takeaways: Understanding the contraindications of medications like morphine in patients with bronchial asthma is crucial, as respiratory depression can significantly worsen their condition and requires careful consideration in pain management.

Option D: The increase in heart rate during albuterol treatment results from stimulation of both Beta 1 and Beta 2 adrenergic receptors. Beta 1 receptors, primarily located in the heart, increase heart rate and contractility, while Beta 2 receptors, found in the lungs and vasculature, can also influence heart rate indirectly through vasodilation and reflex tachycardia.

Option A: Alpha receptors primarily mediate vasoconstriction and do not significantly affect heart rate in this context, making this option insufficient to explain the observed increase in heart rate.

Option B: Beta 1 receptors alone would account for increased heart rate, but they do not encompass the full mechanism of action of albuterol, which also involves Beta 2 receptors.

Option C: Beta 2 receptors primarily mediate bronchodilation and do not directly increase heart rate; thus, this option fails to address the heart rate increase adequately.

Takeaways: Understanding the dual action of albuterol on both Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors is crucial for recognizing its cardiovascular effects, as it requires knowledge of adrenergic receptor functions to manage patient responses effectively.

Option B: Pyridostigmine is longer acting than neostigmine, making it more effective for chronic management of conditions like myasthenia gravis. This extended duration of action allows for less frequent dosing, improving patient adherence and overall management of symptoms.

Option A: Pyridostigmine is not more potent orally than neostigmine; both have similar oral bioavailability, but their potency is not the distinguishing factor.

Option C: Pyridostigmine does not have fewer muscarinic side effects compared to neostigmine; both medications can cause similar side effects due to their mechanism of action as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Takeaways: Pyridostigmine's longer duration of action compared to neostigmine enhances its use in chronic conditions, which requires understanding the pharmacokinetics of these agents for effective treatment planning.

Option B: Block of mediator release from mast cells is the major action of nedocromil, a mast cell stabilizer that prevents the release of inflammatory mediators, thereby reducing bronchoconstriction and inflammation in asthma patients.

Option A: Block of calcium channels in lymphocytes does not accurately describe nedocromil's mechanism; it primarily acts on mast cells rather than lymphocytes.

Option C: Smooth muscle relaxation in the bronchi is not the primary action of nedocromil; this action is more characteristic of bronchodilators rather than mast cell stabilizers.

Option D: Stimulation of cortisol release by the adrenals is not related to nedocromil's function; it does not influence adrenal hormone secretion.

Takeaways: Understanding that nedocromil primarily functions to block mediator release from mast cells is crucial for managing asthma effectively, as it helps prevent bronchial inflammation and constriction, which requires patient education on asthma management strategies.

Option A: Tachycardia is a common adverse effect associated with aerosolized albuterol treatments due to its beta-agonist properties, which stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and can increase heart rate. Monitoring for this effect is crucial, especially in older patients who may have pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.

Option B: Bradycardia is not a typical response to albuterol, as it primarily stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to increased heart rate rather than a decrease.

Option C: The vagovagal reflex is not a common adverse effect of albuterol administration. This reflex typically involves a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure due to vagus nerve stimulation, which is not induced by beta-agonist medications.

Option D: Laryngospasm is not a direct adverse effect of albuterol. While airway irritation can occur, laryngospasm is more commonly associated with other factors such as allergic reactions or irritants rather than the use of albuterol.

Takeaways: Monitoring for tachycardia during aerosolized albuterol treatments is essential due to its sympathomimetic effects, which can exacerbate cardiovascular issues in patients. Understanding these potential side effects requires awareness of beta-agonist pharmacology to ensure safe administration.